Patient Education

Swallowing Disorders

Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) is common among all age groups, especially the elderly. The term dysphagia refers to the feeling of difficulty passing food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach. This may be caused by many factors, most of which are non-threatening and temporary. Difficulties in swallowing rarely represent a more serious disease, such as a tumor or a progressive neurological disorder. When the difficulty does not clear up by itself, in a short period of time, you should see an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon.

How You Swallow

People normally swallow hundreds of times a day, to eat solids or drink liquids, and swallow the normal saliva and mucous which the body produces. The process of swallowing has four stages:

The first is oral preparation, where food or liquid is manipulated and chewed in preparation for swallowing.

During the oral stage, the tongue propels the food or liquid to the back of the mouth, starting the swallowing response.

The pharyngeal stage begins as food or liquid is quickly passed through the pharynx (the canal which connects the mouth with the esophagus) into the esophagus or swallowing tube.

In the final, esophageal stage, the food or liquid passes through the esophagus into the stomach.

Although the first and second stages have some voluntary control, stages three and four occur by themselves, without conscious input.

What Causes Swallowing Disorders?

An interruption in the swallowing process can cause difficulties. It may be due to simple causes such as poor teeth, ill fitting dentures, or a common cold. One of the most common causes of dysphagia is gastroesophageal reflux. This occurs when stomach acid moves up the esophagus to the pharynx, causing discomfort. Other causes may include: stroke, progressive neurologic disorder, the presence of a tracheostomy tube, a paralyzed or unmoving vocal cord, a tumor in the mouth, throat or esophagus, or surgery in the head, neck or esophageal areas.

Symptoms

Symptoms of swallowing disorders may include:

drooling
a feeling that food or liquid is sticking in the throat during or after a meal or while swallowing saliva
discomfort in the throat or chest, especially when gastroesophageal reflux is present
a sensation of a foreign body or "lump" in the throat
weight loss and inadequate nutrition due to prolonged or more significant problems with swallowing
coughing or choking caused by food, liquid or saliva not passing easily during swallowing, and small amounts of food, liquid or saliva being sucked into the lungs

Who Evaluates and Treats Swallowing Disorders?

In many cases, especially common conditions such as a cold or temporary gastroesophageal reflux, the family physician will diagnose and effectively treat the condition. When there is a more significant swallowing disorder or when the cause is not obvious, a surgical or medical specialist may become involved. These specialists include professionals in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, speech and language pathology, gastrointestinal medicine, radiology, thoracic (chest) surgery, nutrition, neurology, and dentistry. Frequently, a team approach is provided by some or all of these professionals for complete diagnosis and treatment.

Evaluation of a Persistent Swallowing Disorder

When dysphagia is persistent and the cause is not apparent, the otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon will discuss the history of the problem and examine the mouth and throat. This may be done with the aid of mirrors or a small tube (flexible laryngoscope,) which provides vision of the back of the tongue, throat, and larynx (voice box.) If necessary, an examination of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine (duodenum) may be carried out by the otolaryngologist or a gastroenterologist. These specialists may recommend X-rays of the swallowing mechanism, called a barium swallow or upper G-I, which is done by a radiologist.

If special problems exist, a speech pathologist may consult with the radiologist regarding a modified barium swallow or videofluoroscopy. These help to identify all four stages of the swallowing process. Using different consistencies of food and liquid, and having the patient swallow in various positions, a speech pathologist will test the ability to swallow. An exam by a neurologist may be necessary if the swallowing disorder stems from the nervous system, perhaps due to stroke or other neurologic disorders.

Possible Treatments

Once the cause is determined, swallowing disorders may be treated with:

Medication
Swallowing therapy
Surgery

Many of these disorders can be treated with medication. Drugs that slow stomach acid production, muscle relaxants, and antacids are a few of the many medicines available. Treatment is tailored to the particular cause of the swallowing disorder.

Gastroesophageal reflux can often be treated by changing eating and living habits - for example:

Eat a bland diet with smaller, more frequent meals
Eliminate alcohol and caffeine reduce weight and stress
Avoid food within three hours of bedtime
Elevate the head of the bed at night

If these don't help, antacids between meals and at bedtime may provide relief.

Many swallowing disorders may be helped by direct swallowing therapy. A speech pathologist can provide special exercises for coordinating the swallowing muscles or restimulate the nerves which trigger the swallow reflex. Patients may also be taught simple ways to place food in the mouth or position the body and head to help the swallow occur successfully.

Some patients with swallowing disorders have difficulty feeding themselves. An occupational therapist can aid the patient and family in feeding techniques. These techniques make the patient as independent as possible. A dietician or nutritional expert can determine the amount of food or liquid necessary to sustain an individual and whether supplements are necessary.

Surgery is used to treat certain problems. If a narrowing or stricture exists, the area may need to be stretched or dilated. If a muscle is too tight, it may need to be dilated or even released surgically. This procedure is called a myotomy and is preformed by an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon.

Many causes contribute to swallowing disorders. If you have a persistent problem swallowing, see an otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon.

Ï 1992. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. This leaflet is published as a public service. The material may be freely used so long as attribution is given to the American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Inc., Alexandria, VA

Swallowing Disorders

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